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An Ultimate Ungulate Fact Sheet
Sus philippensis
Philippine warty pig
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Literature Cited

Cabanas, A.J.C., de Guia, A.P.O., Vega, R.S., and Dimalibot J.C. (2022). Occurrence and Distribution of Philippine Warty Pig (Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886) in Mt. Banahaw de Tayabas, Luzon Island, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 151(5): 1605–1621.

Cosico, R.S.A., Florece, L.M., Visco, R.G., & Balatibat, J.B. (2017). Farmer's Assessment of Impacts of Philippine Warty Pig (Sus philippensis Nehring) depredation on Agroforestry System in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna, Philippines. Ecosystems and Development Journal 7(1): 3-13.

Groves, C.P. (1997). Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120(2): 163-191.

Groves, C.P., and Grubb, P. (1993). The Eurasian suids, Sus and Babyrousa - Taxonomy and Description. In Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W. L. R. Oliver. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 129-136.

Groves, C., and Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., and Rickart, E.A. (2016). The mammals of Luzon Island: biogeography and natural history of a Philippine fauna. JHU Press.

Heaney, L. & Meijaard, E. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21176A44139795.en. Accessed on 19 April 2025.

Oliver, W.L.R. (1995). The taxonomy, distribution and status of Philippine wild pigs. IBEX (Journal of Mountain Ecology) 3: 26-32.

Oliver, W.L.R., Cox, C.R., and Groves, C.P. (1993). The Philippine Warty Pigs (Sus philippensis and S. cebifrons). In Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W. L. R. Oliver. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 145-155.

Rabor, D.S. (1986). Guide to the Philippine Flora and Fauna, Vol. XI: Birds, Mammals. Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and Univ. of the Philippines.

Villegas, J.P., Rosales, J.R., and Ibañez, J.C. (2022). Conservation and Population Status of the Philippine Warty Pig (Sus philippensis) within the Obu Manuvu Ancestral Domain in Davao City, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Sylvatrop, The Technical Journal of Philippine Ecosystems and Natural Resources 32(1): 1–14.

Additional Resources

Avenido, P.M. (2024). Philippine Warty Pig Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886: level of awareness and conservation practices in Datal Bad, West Lamidan, Don Marcelino, Davao Occidental, Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(6), 25305-25317.

Blouch, R.A. (1995). Conservation and research priorities for threatened suids of South and Southeast Asia. Journal of Mountain Ecology 3: 21-25.

Cariņo, T.F. 1998. Interactive and health and conservation program for deer (Cervus mariannus) and wild pig (Sus philippinensis) at the proposed sanctuary in Sitio Mambolo, Bo. Salpad, San Nicolas, Pangasinan. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. CVM-UPLB.

Catibog-Sinha, C.S. (1978). Wild pigs (Sus celebensis ssp.) in the Philippines (Part 2). In Wild Plants as Potential Feeds for Wild Pigs; Ready References, Monograph No. 5; Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines: 17-29.

Catibog-Sinha, C.S. (1981). The quantity and quality of wild food plants and the depredations of wild pigs in the Philippines. (Unpubl.) Ph.D. thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma: 237 pp.

Forest Management Bureau. (1988). Natural Forest Resources of the Philippines. Philippine-German Forest Resources Inventory Project, Forest Management Bureau, Dept. of the Environment and Natural Resources, Manila: 62 pp.

Garcia, M.G., and Deocampo, A.H. (1995). Wild pig meat trading in Iligan City, Mindanao. Sylvatrop 5: 29-34.

Groves, C.P. (1981). Ancestors for the Pigs: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Tech. Bull. No. 3, Dept. of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra: 96 pp.

Heaney, L.R. (1986). Biogeography of mammals of S. E. Asia: estimates of rates of colonisation, extinction and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28: 127-165.

Ingicco, T., Piper, P.J., Amano, N., Paz, V.J., and Pawlik, A. F. (2017). Biometric differentiation of wild Philippine pigs from introduced Sus scrofa in modern and archaeological assemblages. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology27(5), 768-784.

Lucchini, V., Meijaard, E., Diong, C.H., Groves, C.P., and Randi, E. (2005). New phylogenetic perspectives among species of South-east Asian wild pig (Sus sp.) based on mtDNA sequences and morphometric data. Journal of Zoology 266(1): 25-35.

MacKinnon, J., and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of the Protected Areas System in the Indo-Malayan Realm. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge: 284 pp.

McGowan, P. (1986). Pigs and Palawan. (Unpubl.) rep. to IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group: 4 pp.

Meijaard, E. and Melletti, M. (2017). Philippine Warty Pig Sus philippensis (Nehring, 1886), pp. 157–161. In: Meijaard, E. and Melletti, M. (eds.). Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wild Pigs and Peccaries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Mohr, E. (1960). Wilde Schweine (Neue Brehm-Bücherei no. 247). Wittenberg-Lutherstadt: Ziemsen Verlag.

Mudar, K.M. (1986). A morphometric analysis of the five subspecies of Sus barbatus, the bearded pig. (Unpubl.) M.Sc. thesis, Michigan State University.

Oliver, W.L.R. (1992). The taxonomy, distribution and status of Philippine wild pigs. Silliman Journal 36(1): 55-64.

Quinnell, R., and Balmford, A. (1988). A future for Palawan's forests? Oryx 22(1): 30-35.

Rabor, D.S. (1977). Philippine Birds and Mammals. University of the Philippines Press, Quezon City, Philippines: 284 pp.

Randi, E., Lucchini V., and Diong C.H. (1996). Evolutionary genetics of the suiformes as reconstructed using mtDNA sequencing. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3(2): 163-194.

Sanborn, C.C. (1952). Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-47. Fieldiana: Zoology 33: 89-158.

Schwarz, E. (1940). On Malay Pigs of the Sus verrucosus Group. Journal of Mammalogy 21(1): 73-75

Villegas, J.P., Rosales, J.R., Tampos, G.G., and Ibañez, J.C. (2023). Inventory and abundance of non-volant mammals and birds in the unprotected regions of the Mount Apo Range, Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(4), 22927-22939.

Wu Gui-sheng, Pang Jun-feng, Zhang Ya-ping. (2006). Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Suidae. Zoological Research 27(2): 197-201.

Quick Facts Detailed Information References